Rebecca Lai, et al. Publicly available data—made more accessible through Arrest Trends —further suggests that arrests are disproportionately applied across racial, age, and gender groups, and that these trends are particularly prominent for non-serious offenses. The estimated volume of arrests of black people across the country rose by 23 percent between and , and black people now make up 12 percent of the U.
An estimated 2,, black people were arrested in and 3,, were arrested in —the most recent year for which estimated arrest demographics data is available. More recent reported arrest demographics data is available for exploration within the tool. Unpacking this further, Arrest Trends shows that in , black people were an estimated 2. Vera researchers calculated disparities using the most recent year available UCR estimated arrest volumes and United States Census Bureau population data. This trend may have been spurred by a combination of concentrated policing efforts in disadvantaged communities, racially targeted pedestrian and vehicle stop practices, and racial trends in using drugs outside in public view rather than indoors and in private spaces.
Arrests of women similarly increased between and —here by 83 percent—while arrests of men decreased 7 percent over the same timeframe. An estimated 1,, women were arrested in , and 2,, were arrested in An estimated 8,, men were arrested in , and 8,, were arrested in In , women accounted for an estimated 16 percent of all arrests, but in they accounted for 27 percent. Arrests of juveniles age 17 and younger decreased by more than 50 percent from to An estimated 2,, people age 17 years old and younger were arrested in , and 1,, were arrested in a 53 percent decrease.
An estimated 5,, people age 24 years old and younger were arrested in , and 4,, were arrested in a 31 percent decrease. Estimated arrest rates followed a similar trend, as rates for juveniles arrested dropped 60 percent between and , and rates for young people age 24 and younger dropped 39 percent over the same time period.
In , juveniles accounted for an estimated 20 percent of all arrests, but by this proportion dropped to 9 percent. In , young adults age 24 and younger accounted for an estimated 56 percent of all arrests; by this had dropped to 36 percent. This decrease in arrests of young people paralleled several political and cultural shifts in how young people are viewed and treated in the U.
Several juvenile-specific offenses were largely decriminalized such as running away and curfew violations , local non-punitive programs were implemented in response to low-level offenses, developing neurological research showed that young people are evolving decision makers and very capable of change, and the Supreme Court overturned life without parole sentences for juveniles. For the criminalization—and decriminalization—of juvenile-specific offenses see Andrea L.
For the Supreme Court decision that a sentence of life without parole for a juvenile offender violates the Eighth Amendment see Miller v. Alabama , U. These types of advances may have helped propel the decrease in arrests of young people. An important opportunity now exists to explore the application of alternatives to arrest that have been effective with young people to adults as well. The data presented in Arrest Trends shows that, although the estimated volume of victimizations based on reports to national surveyors has dropped by more than 50 percent in the past 20 years, nearly 18 million serious victimizations still occur annually across the country, and the majority of these more than 60 percent are not reported to the police.
Of those offenses known to law enforcement, just 25 percent are cleared by arrests meaning that they are solved by the police. Offenses known to law enforcement are measured through the UCR, and here include all Part I crimes except for homicide and arson so as to most closely resemble the crime types available for analysis in NCVS. Although no physical arrest is made, a clearance by arrest can be claimed when the individual is a person under 18 years of age and is cited to appear in juvenile court or before other juvenile authorities.
While people have various reasons for not reporting a crime to the police, they may be discouraged from doing so by fractured police-community relationships and feelings of mistrust—issues that can be exacerbated by an over-emphasis on the enforcement of low-level offenses. Tyler and Yuen J. Some agencies make their data publicly available through individual departmental websites or via other means but not through UCR, meaning that their data is transparent, but not included in national records or Arrest Trends.
Data goes unreported by agencies for a variety of reasons—including lack of technology or resources, incompatible offense definitions, and concerns around open policing data. Further, some agencies report only partial data. As Arrest Trends shows, of the 22, police agencies on record in , 32 percent reported none of their arrest data to the FBI, 9 percent reported some of their data, and 59 percent reported all of their data.
Unlike most existing tools, Arrest Trends allows users to explore all relevant arrest data reported through the UCR regardless of whether that data is complete. Recent changes in state laws mean that a growing share of Americans live in a jurisdiction where marijuana is legal or decriminalized, at least under state law. Several more states are expected to debate legalization proposals this year. It joined 10 other states and the District of Columbia in legalizing small amounts of the drug for adult recreational use, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures NCSL.
To coincide with the new law, Illinois Gov. Pritzker issued more than 11, pardons to people previously convicted of low-level marijuana offenses in the state. Another 26 states and the District of Columbia have decriminalized small amounts of marijuana.
Decriminalization differs from legalization in that it is still against the law to possess the drug, but violations for small amounts intended for personal consumption tend to be civil or local infractions rather than state-level crimes that come with the possibility of incarceration.
Meanwhile, 33 states and the District of Columbia as well as other U. Public support for marijuana legalization has steadily increased in recent years. Of course, just because a state has legalized or decriminalized marijuana does not mean its residents are immune from being arrested for having it. Among other things, people in legal marijuana states can face arrest for possessing more than the authorized limit.
And since marijuana remains illegal federally, U. Fresh data delivered Saturday mornings. It organizes the public into nine distinct groups, based on an analysis of their attitudes and values.
Even in a polarized era, the survey reveals deep divisions in both partisan coalitions. Use this tool to compare the groups on some key topics and their demographics. Pew Research Center now uses as the last birth year for Millennials in our work. President Michael Dimock explains why. About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world.
It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts.
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