A pot was considered an experimental unit. The study used two parallel treatments according to the Completely Randomized Design concept. Results clearly showed that squirting cucumber fruit juice had a significant role in overcoming dormancy in potato tubers. In contrast, in the control treatment where no fruit juice was used, sprouts emerged above ground later than the other treatments. From the results of the study, it could be concluded that squirting cucumber fruit juice stimulated sprout development by overcoming dormancy in potato tubers Table 4.
The effect of different concentrations of squirting cucumber fruit juice on the day of emergence of sprouts in potato cv. In Figure 3 , plant development was recorded for tubers treated with different concentrations of squirting cucumber fruit juice at the end of the 45th day.
At this concentration, plants had more branches and leaves. Plant development at the 45th day for potato tubers of the cv. Sodium hypochlorite NaOCl has been most widely used for surface sterilization. NaOCl is highly effective against all kinds of bacteria, fungi, and viruses [ 34 , 35 ]. Moreover, NaOCl has strong oxidizing properties that make it highly reactive with amino acids [ 36 , 37 ], nucleic acids [ 38 ], amines, and amides [ 39 , 40 ]. The most important treatment prior to culture initiation is perhaps surface-sterilization of the explant.
Since in vitro conditions provide bacteria and fungi with an optimal growth environment, unsuccessful sterilization hinders the progress of tissue culture studies. In the study conducted by Telci et al. In the study, L. This was followed by rinsing three times with sterile water. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 5. Seed germination and seedling growth percentages were recorded after 5 and 14 days following culture initiation, whereas seedling height and root length, seedling fresh and dry weights, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents were noted 28 days after culture initiation.
The chlorophyll contents were determined in the leaves of seedlings according to the protocol of Curtis and Shetty [ 21 ]. Three replicates were tested. All experiments were repeated twice. The lowest values were recorded in a 3. The highest results in all characteristics examined were obtained from a 3. Seed germination and seedling growth percentages decreased to Seedling height and root length were 6.
These findings were parallel to those of Hsiao and Hans [ 53 ], Hsiao and Quick [ 54 ], and Yildiz and Er [ 42 ] who reported that disinfectants at high concentrations and high temperatures affected seed germination and seedling growth negatively. The effects of a 3. Values in a column followed by different letters are significantly different at the 0. In vitro seedling growth from L. The highest seedling fresh and dry weights and tissue water content were recorded when seeds were treated with a 3.
The fresh weight increase could be attributed to cell enlargement [ 55 ]. The increase in dry weight was due to cell division and new material synthesis [ 56 ]. Higher results in seedlings grown were from seeds treated with 3.
In the study, the highest chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents were seen with a 3. Gamma rays have an ionizing radiation effect on plant growth and development by inducing cytological, biochemical, physiological, and morphological changes in cells and tissues by producing free radicals in cells [ 58 — 60 ]. Higher doses of gamma radiation have been reported to be inhibitory [ 61 , 62 ], whereas lower doses are stimulatory.
Low doses of gamma rays have been reported to increase seed germination and plant growth, cell proliferation, germination, cell growth, enzyme activity, stress resistance, and crop yields [ 63 — 69 ].
Stimulation of plant growth at low gamma radiation doses is known as hormesis [ 70 ]. The hormesis phenomenon is described as a stimulating effect on any factor in the growth of an organism [ 71 ].
In the study conducted by Beyaz et al. Seeds were surface-sterilized with a 3. The seed germination percentage was determined at the end of the 7th day, while seedling growth percentage, seedling height, and root length were recorded 14 days after culture initiation [ 20 ].
Three replicates were tested, and there were 30 seeds per replication. One-way Analysis of Variance ANOVA was used to test the effect of different doses of gamma radiation on seed germination and seedling growth. The stimulatory effect of low gamma doses was observed in the study at a radiation dose of Gy.
The best results in seed germination percentage at the end of the 7th day and in seedling growth percentage, seedling height, and root length at the end of the 14th day were observed at a dose of Gy of gamma radiation Table 6 and Figure 5. In doses over Gy, the inhibitory effect of gamma radiation was seen. Seed germination percentage was The highest seedling growth percentage, seedling height, and root length were again recorded for a Gy gamma radiation dose as The root length obtained from seeds irradiated with Gy of gamma radiation was significantly increased by Thus, there are many reasons for germinating dormant seeds of wild species for conservation.
However, sowing seeds in the field often results in little, or no, germination, unless nondormant seeds are sown when environmental conditions are favorable for germination.
Information on the kind of dormancy in seeds facilitates determining how dormancy can be broken. There are five major kinds classes of seed dormancy, and these will be described briefly. Because dormancy can be broken by most ideal growing conditions different and specific for each species , the seeds germinate when they are the most likely to flourish.
Species that have dormant seed have evolved dormancy because it is useful in survival. Plants utilize dormancy so that seed can endure unfavorable conditions and not all germinate at the same time and are killed by unfavorable weather Seed Dormancy.
While dormancy can enhance plant survival in the wild, it can prevent seeds from germinating uniformly and growing well in wildflower seed production fields. There are two different categories of seed dormancy: exogenous and endogenous Scarification.
An example of exogenous dormancy is when the seed coat is too durable for moisture to infiltrate, effectively preventing germination.
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